Target

Show in practice
execution possibilities
tasks 31 and 32

Skill check

Task 31 tests the skill
determine energy consumption at different
types of activities and create a diet
nutrition
Task 32 tests the skill
justify the need
rational and healthy nutrition

Types of tasks in task 31

1st type: A task in which various types are indicated
training or competitions and their duration. In the problem
it is necessary to determine: 1) energy consumption of activities, 2) create a menu
corresponding to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner,
3) determine the calorie content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins in it,
fats or carbohydrates. The task may also include
additional conditions that must be taken into account when
menu planning

2nd type: A task in which the conditions indicate visiting excursions with
ready-made menu. It is necessary to determine: 1) recommended calorie content
breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2)
the actual calorie content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount
proteins, fats or carbohydrates received from food to their daily value
normal
3rd type: A task in which the conditions indicate visiting excursions without a ready-made menu. It is necessary: ​​1) to create an optimal
calorie content, with the maximum content of BZHU menu at
four meals a day, 2) recommended calorie content
age-appropriate breakfast, lunch or dinner, and 3)
quantity of BZHU in it

Algorithm for solving the problem of the first type

Tamara took part in city badminton competitions, and after
I decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using Data
tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara the optimal calorie content, with
maximum protein content of the menu from the list of dishes and drinks
in order to compensate for energy costs during competitions,
lasting 2.4 hours for the girl. When choosing, please note that Tamara
Be sure to order ice cream with chocolate filling. In response
please indicate:
energy costs
Tamara
in
time
competitions; ordered dishes that should not be repeated;
calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed energy expenditure during
the time of the competition, and the amount of protein in it.

1. Carefully read the conditions of the problem, write down the type of competition and their
duration: badminton – 2.4 hours;
2. If the time is indicated in hours, convert it to minutes: 60 minutes x 2.4 = 144 minutes;
3. Using the data from Table No. 2 “Energy consumption for various types of physical
activity" determine the energy consumption of the competition: 144 min x 7.5 kcal/min = 1080
kcal;
4. We create a menu taking into account additional conditions (dinner, maximum
protein content, ice cream with chocolate filling will be ordered,
calorie content should not exceed 1080 kcal), the data is entered into the table
Menu
Calorie content of dishes/Quantity
kcal
proteins/g
chocolate 325/ balance 755
6
1. Ice cream
With
filler
2. Double McMuffin (bun, 425/remaining 330
39
mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese,
pork)
3. Country style potatoes
4. Tea without sugar
Total
315
0
1065 kcal
5
0
50 g

answer

1) Energy consumption – 1080 kcal
2) Ordered
dishes
–
filler, double
rustic, tea without sugar
ice cream
With
chocolate
McMuffin, fries
3) Calorie content of dinner – 1065 kcal
4) Amount of protein – 50g

Practicing skills in solving problems of type 1

Olga, master of sports in tennis, is at training
training camps, where every day for four hours (morning and evening) active
training with her girlfriends. In free time between two
While training, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the optimal
calorie content and protein ratio of the menu from the list of proposed dishes
and drinks in order to compensate for your energy costs in the morning
two hour workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and
be sure to order ice cream with chocolate filling, and also
sweet drink. However, the trainer asked Olga to consume dishes with
the largest
content
squirrel.
In your answer, indicate the energy consumption of a morning workout, recommended
dishes, calorie content of lunch and the amount of protein in it.

10.

Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling,
Therefore, he delivers correspondence on a bicycle at a speed of 10
km/h In the first half of the day he works for 4 hours and then goes to lunch at
fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1 and 2,
offer the man the optimal calorie content, with maximum
carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for your energy costs
four hour bike ride. When choosing, please note that Ivan
Petrovich really likes country-style potatoes and definitely
will order two servings. In your answer, indicate: the postman’s energy consumption;
ordered dishes; amount of carbohydrates; lunch calories,
which should not exceed energy consumption while driving
bicycle

11.

Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis (singles
discharge). Every Sunday they compete with each other in this
kind of sport. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, suggest to Nikolai
optimal in calorie content, with maximum protein content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks, so that
compensate for his energy expenditure in a game that lasted 2
hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelette with ham
and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing

calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy consumption during
time of play, and the amount of proteins in it.

12.

Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis. Each
Sunday they compete in this sport. Using
data in tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily the optimal
calorie content, with maximum carbohydrate content menu from
list of proposed dishes and drinks to compensate
his costs in a game that lasted 2 hours 5 minutes. At
when choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin
and Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing
tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated;
amount of carbohydrates and calories that should not
exceed energy expenditure during the game.

13.

Peter, basketball team defender, after evening practice
decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using Data
tables 1 and 2, offer Peter the optimal calorie content, with
maximum carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during
training lasted 1 hour 40 minutes. When choosing, please note that
Peter will definitely order an omelet with ham. Please indicate in your answer:
energy consumption of an athlete during training; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed
energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

14.

Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After the morning
training, he decided to have a snack at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Garik the optimal
by calorie content, with maximum carbohydrate content menu
from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate
energy consumption during training, if its duration
was 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik must
will order an omelette with ham. Please indicate in your answer: energy consumption
athlete during training; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; breakfast calories that shouldn't
exceed energy expenditure during training, and the amount
carbohydrates in it.

15. Algorithm for solving the problem of the second type

15 year old
Nikolay
V
winter
holidays
visited
State Nature Reserve "Stolby" in
Krasnoyarsk. After the tour, he had dinner at a local cafe
fast food. Nikolay ordered the following dishes
and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, country potatoes and
glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3,
define
recommended
calorie content
dinner,
energy value of ordered dishes, quantity
carbohydrates received from food and the ratio of the amount
carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

16.

1)
2)
3)
Carefully read the conditions of the task, determine its type;
Write down age: 15 years;
Write down the menu, fill out the table:
Menu
1) Fresh McMuffin
2) Country style potatoes
3) Glass of Coca-Cola
Total
Caloric content
kcal
380
315
170
865 kcal
dishes/
Quantity
carbohydrates/g
35
38
42
115 g
4) According to table No. 2 “Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children”
we find the daily energy requirement and the recommended amount of carbohydrates
for a 15 year old teenager: 2900 kcal, 375 g;
5) According to table No. 3 “Calorie content for four meals a day” we find
Recommended calorie content for dinner:
100% - 2900 kcal
18% - X kcal
X = 2900 x 18/100
X = 522 kcal
6) Find the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily value
normal: 115g/375g= 0.3

17. Answer

1) Recommended calorie content for dinner – 522 kcal
2) The energy value of the ordered dishes is 865 kcal
3) Amount of carbohydrates consumed with food – 115 g
4) The ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily rate: 0.3 or 30%

18. Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 2

17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and
natural reserve “Museum-Estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. Before the beginning
excursion Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered herself
first breakfast the following dishes and drinks: omelet with ham, small portion
French fries, vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: Recommended Calorie Intake
first breakfast if Daria eats four times a day; real calorie content of the first breakfast;
the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily norm.
14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to Kazansky
Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered himself
breakfast the following dishes and drinks: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small
a serving of French fries. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended
the calorie content of Peter's first breakfast if he eats four times a day; real
energy value of the first breakfast; amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks
breakfast, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

19.

14-year-old Sophia visited Pskov and its surroundings during the winter holidays. Before
excursion to the State Pushkin Nature Reserve, she had breakfast at a local
fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her second breakfast:
Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using Data
tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of second breakfast, if Sophia
eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered dishes of the second
breakfast, the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of those received from food
carbohydrates to their daily norm.
17-year-old Nikolai visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
Samara Art Museum he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe
nutrition. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast:
omelet with ham, orange juice and a side of country potatoes. Using
data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast,
if Nikolai eats four times a day; real energy value
ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, as well as
the ratio of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

20.

14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting the tour
Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe.
The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his second breakfast: Chicken
Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, small fries and glass
"Coca-Cola". Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: recommended
calorie content of second breakfast if Artyom eats four times a day; real
energy value of the ordered second breakfast; amount of carbohydrates in
dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily norm.
17-year-old Tatyana visited Tobolsk during her student winter holidays. Before
the beginning of the excursion “Tobolsk Kremlin - a masterpiece of stone architecture” she
I had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following
food and drinks: small portion of French fries, Fresh McMuffin, salad
Caesar and orange juice. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine:
the recommended caloric content of lunch if Tatyana eats four times a day;
energy value of the ordered lunch; amount of carbohydrates in dishes and
drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

21. Algorithm for solving a problem of the third type

10-year-old Alexander and his parents visited the Great
Novgorod. Family before a walking tour of the ancient city
I decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using
data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content
Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day.
Suggest
schoolboy
optimal
By
calories,
With
maximum
content
carbohydrates
menu
from
list
offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that Alexander
Be sure to order tea without sugar. Please indicate in your answer: calorie content
first breakfast; for four meals a day, ordered dishes,
which should not be repeated; their energy value, which
should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first
breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

22.

Carefully read the conditions of the task, determine its type;
Write down age -10 years;
Write down the type of “snack” - first breakfast;
Write down additional conditions: optimal calorie content for
first breakfast, maximum carbohydrate content, order tea without
sugar, dishes should not be repeated;
5) According to table No. 2 “Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children”
we find the daily energy requirement for a 10 year old teenager: 2550
kcal;
6) According to table No. 3 “Calorie content for four meals a day” we find
Recommended calorie content for first breakfast:
1)
2)
3)
4)
100% - 2550 kcal
14% - X kcal
X = 2550 x 14/100
X = 357 kcal
7) We create a menu taking into account additional conditions
Menu
1) Tea without sugar
2) Chicken Fresh McMuffin
Total
Caloric content
kcal
0
355
355 kcal
dishes/
Quantity
carbohydrates/g
0
42
42 g

23. Answer

1) Calorie content of the first breakfast – 357 kcal
2) Ordered dishes: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar
3) The energy value of the ordered dishes is 355 kcal
4) Amount of carbohydrates – 42 g

24. Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 3

15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during spring break. After the excursion to Ipatievsky
Monastery, she decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and
3, calculate the recommended calorie content for lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day.
Offer the girl a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum proteins
list of offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order
double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer, indicate: caloric content of lunch;
ordered dishes with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy
value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in
him.
12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting
Golden Gate family decided to have dinner at a local fast food cafe. Using table data
1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Olga's dinner if she eats four times a day
day. Offer your teenager the optimal amount of calories, with minimal fat content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order
Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoon of sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of dinner at
four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy
value and amount of fat in it.

25.

10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour
While walking around the ancient city, the family decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using Data
tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Alexander’s first breakfast, if he
eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content, with the maximum
carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that
Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the first breakfast; at
four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
17-year-old Fedor visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to Tretyakovskaya
After visiting the gallery, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3,
calculate the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day
day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content with maximum fat content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order
a small portion of French fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the second
breakfast; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast and the amount of fat in it.

26.

14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at
fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate
the recommended caloric content of dinner if the girl eats four times a day.
Offer Zinaida the optimal calorie content, with the maximum content
carbohydrates menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that
Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In response
indicate: calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed
recommended caloric content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
After visiting the Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe.
Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of the second
breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal
by calorie content, with maximum fat content menu from the list of proposed
dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolai will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola.
In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered
dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not
exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast and the amount of fat in it.

27. Task 32

Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the need
rational and healthy nutrition. In this task you can also
distinguish several types:
1. Questions about the digestive system;
2. Questions on metabolism and energy;
3. Questions on endocrine and nervous regulation;
4. Questions about thermoregulation and excretion.

28. Examples of tasks on the digestive system:

Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous one
meal, and its duration should not be 20–25 minutes.
Why are substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, introduced
directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Please provide at least two reasons.
Why can't a person absorb food in an undigested form? Please provide at least two reasons.
What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? Specify at least two of its functions.
Why is low stomach acid dangerous for humans? Please provide at least two reasons.
What negative impact does smoking tobacco have on the digestive process? Please indicate at least two
changes.
What changes in the digestive processes in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two
changes.

29.

During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and why?
is she tied up?
What changes in the digestive processes in the small intestine does alcohol cause? Specify
at least two changes.
A German proverb says: “Well chewed is half digested.” Explain it
meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations.
What organ dysfunction does the dentist warn a smoker about and why?
Specify at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these
organs.
During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions, consider
photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter are not allowed to
It’s worth being distracted and doing other things. Give at least two arguments.

30.

Explain in relation to nutrition why cleanliness is the key to health.
Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of well-known products laid out on the display window
and the dishes offered from them, and after ordering the menu, he went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the teenager's actions
Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them.
List two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?
Justify the recommendations that should be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit juice, tea,
compote and generally more liquid
In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach becomes very stretched and its muscles become weak. This
negatively affects the functioning of other organs and the digestive process. Why?
Food poisoning causes vomiting and abdominal pain. Explain their significance for the body.
What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and the external manifestations of these disorders will the gastroenterologist warn about?
smoker?
What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

31. Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy:

Thirteen-year-old Nikolai visited a fast food coffee shop with his parents in the evening. Weight
Nikolai's body weight is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended caloric intake and the amount of protein, fat and
carbohydrates
(V
G)
in Nikolai's dinner, taking into account the fact that the teenager eats four times a day.
Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only calorie content when preparing his diet?
products? Give two arguments.
What biological significance do fats have in the human body? Give at least two meanings
What foods contain cholesterol? Why is high level dangerous for the human body?
cholesterol in the blood?
How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in food? Please indicate two methods.
What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is it not recommended for teenagers?
exclude food of animal origin from your diet?

32.

Name two external signs that a person does not have enough protein in their diet.
Often, when there is a lack of nutrition, they talk about protein deficiency in the human diet, but why not?
Are they talking about carbohydrate or fat deficiency?
Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least
two functions of vitamins in the human body.
In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not
containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was discovered in its liver. What's happened
glycogen? Explain its origin.
What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?
Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food?
Give two reasons.
The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In human food there should be
contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.
What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?
Why did the coach pay special attention to Olga’s protein content?
in the ordered dishes? Provide at least two arguments.

33. Examples of tasks on endocrine and nervous regulation:

Hormones of which endocrine glands actively participate in carbohydrate metabolism? Specify
at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce.
Why should a person limit his sugar intake? Please provide at least two
arguments
What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously?
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?
Why is the pancreatic hormone drug, insulin, administered intravenously?
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex, the so-called
corticoids:
hydrocortisone,
cortisone,
corticosterone
–
accept
How
anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drugs in tablet form?
Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is it ensured?
such regulation?

34. Questions on thermoregulation and excretion

For what purpose, when checking the patient’s health status, are they offered
do a urine test? What can a specialist detect in urine if you have
patient with kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples.
During the multi-hour excursion, which took place at temperatures
the air was about +10 °C, Zinaida felt that she was frozen. Using
knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl
felt discomfort on the street.
In 1 hour, the human body produces the same amount of heat as needed,
to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, human body temperature
practically does not change. Why? Please indicate at least two organs
who take an active part in maintaining constant
body temperature.

Table 1

fast food cafe

Dishes and drinks		Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet
Ham sandwich
Chicken cutlet sandwich
Omelette with ham
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Orange juice
Tea without sugar

table 2

and teenagers

Age, years	Squirrels (g/kg)	Fats (g/kg)	Carbohydrates
16 and older

Table 3

14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for dinner if the girl eats four times a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. Please indicate in your answer: calorie content of dinner with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Explanation.

This task has not yet been solved, we present the prototype solution.

Table 1

Table of energy and nutritional value of products
fast food cafe

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Omelette with ham
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons)
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Sweet highly carbonated drink
Orange juice
Tea without sugar
Tea with sugar (two teaspoons)

table 2

Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children
and teenagers

Age, years	Squirrels (g/kg)	Fats (g/kg)	Carbohydrates (G)	Energy requirement (kcal)
16 and older

Table 3

Calorie content for four meals a day
(of total calories per day)

First breakfast	Lunch	Dinner	Dinner

Table 1

Table of energy and nutritional value of products
fast food cafe

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Omelette with ham
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons)
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Sweet highly carbonated drink
Orange juice
Tea without sugar
Tea with sugar (two teaspoons)

table 2

Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children
and teenagers

Age, years	Squirrels (g/kg)	Fats (g/kg)	Carbohydrates (G)	Energy requirement (kcal)
16 and older

Table 3

Calorie content for four meals a day
(of total calories per day)

First breakfast	Lunch	Dinner	Dinner

Why do packages of sterilized milk have a longer shelf life than pasteurized milk?

Now it’s hard to imagine the New Year without Olivier, tangerines, and you can buy any toys for the Christmas tree. And more than half a century ago, Voronezh residents had other New Year traditions and treats. On the eve of December 31, correspondents of “MY!” visited the heroine of our previous publications - 89-year-old Zinaida Razmustova. She worked as a teacher of Russian language and literature at school, and taught foreign students at VSU. Together with Zinaida Ivanovna, we decorated the Christmas tree and asked about how Voronezh residents celebrated the New Year in Soviet times.

“During the war, potatoes were the best treat”

Zinaida Ivanovna is a native resident of Voronezh, born on February 28, 1928. In the 30s, I lived with my family in a small house with stove heating on the slope behind the current construction university. On New Year's Day, relatives from the village always came and gathered in a large group.

We didn't live well, but we always put up a Christmas tree. They made garlands from paper rings and snowballs from cotton wool, hung candy, recalls Zinaida Ivanovna. - And for the table, my mother baked pies in the oven. The smell of the house was incredible! When we were dismantling the tree, my brother and I played a game - we closed our eyes and cut candies from the tree. Or whatever happens - it was fun!

In 1942, 14-year-old Zinaida and her family were evacuated from Voronezh. And her father Ivan Plotnikov fought in the people's militia. The family met in the summer of 1943.

After the liberation of Voronezh, we celebrated the year 1944 without a Christmas tree, there was no time for that,” says Zinaida Ivanovna. “I remember on December 31, I returned from school and saw a bowl on the table, and in it were pink, browned potatoes from the oven. There was such joy.

“Snowflake costumes were made from gauze”

In the 50s, Zinaida Ivanovna worked at a school, and her husband worked at a forestry institute. They had a daughter, and a son was born in the 60s.

A tradition arose to celebrate the New Year in kindergartens, but no one really had beautiful costumes. For girls, they made snowflake dresses from gauze,” says our interlocutor. - We folded it in several layers, and then starched it so that it took a beautiful shape.

At that time, there were no tangerines for sale in Voronezh either. Zinaida Ivanovna recalls that their family’s New Year’s table included goose, which she bought at the Chip Market (now in its place on Plekhanovskaya Street there is the Sozvezdie concern), vinaigrette and jellied meat. It was considered especially chic to stuff a goose with buckwheat, because this grain was very difficult to buy.

Christmas tree on Lenin Square in 1956

In the 50s and 60s, various Christmas tree decorations began to appear, says Zinaida Ivanovna. - When Nikita Khrushchev was in power, they produced corn. After Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, glass cosmonauts and small rockets began to be sold.

Zinaida Ivanovna still has a box of Christmas tree decorations from those years. The glass garlands are especially dear to her - her cousin made them.

Tangerines began to appear in the 60s, and in the 70s they began to sell mayonnaise (it, like many other products, was considered a scarce product, and queues lined up for it. - “Yo!”). New Year's salads were more varied, Olivier recipes were published in newspapers, and everyone argued what was better to put in it - meat or sausage, our interlocutor says. - We also prepared a Jewish salad from processed cheese, mayonnaise, garlic and eggs.

This practical work is intended for behavior in biology lessons in the 8th grade in the topic “Nutritional Standards”. It contains a calculation problem that will show students the mechanism for determining the required caloric content of food for schoolchildren and others. In addition, it will show students the algorithm for working on one of the OGE tasks in biology.

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Option 1.

Exercise.

1 . 12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting the Golden Gate, the family decided to have dinner at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3,calculate your recommended calorie intakeOlga's dinner if she eats four times a day. Suggest for a teenager, the optimal calorie-rich, minimally fat menufrom the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order a Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoon of sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value and the amount of fat in it.

Table 1.

Dishes and drinks		Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet
Ham sandwich
Chicken cutlet sandwich
Omelette with ham
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Orange juice
Tea without sugar

Table 2 . Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children and adolescents

Age, years	Proteins (g/kg)	Fat (g/kg)	Carbohydrates (g)	Energy requirement (kcal)
7–10				2550
11–15				2900
16 and older				3100

Table 3. Calorie content for four meals a day (from the total calorie content per day)

First breakfast	Lunch	Dinner	Dinner

1 . Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons.

Practical work “Calculation of nutritional standards”

Option 2.

Exercise.

1 . Svetlana, a theater school student, always watches her figure

And three times a week he does rhythmic gymnastics at the fitness club. After an hour and a half class, Svetlana goes to a fast food restaurant to have a snack. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the girl the optimal calorie menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during an hour and a half lesson.

When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana chooses dishes with the least amount of carbohydrates and drinks tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption during gymnastics; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; calorie content of lunch and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Table 1. Table of energy and nutritional value of fast food cafe products

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Omelette with ham
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons)
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Sweet highly carbonated drink
Orange juice
Tea without sugar
Tea with sugar (two teaspoons)

table 2 . Energy consumption for various types of physical activity

Types of physical activity	Energy cost
Walk – 5 km/h; cycling – 10 km/h; amateur volleyball; archery; folk rowing	4.5 kcal/min
Walk – 5.5 km/h; cycling – 13 km/h; table tennis; tennis (doubles)	5.5 kcal/min
Rhythmic gymnastics; walk – 6.5 km/h; cycling – 16 km/h; canoe –6.5 km/h; horse riding - fast trot	6.5 kcal/min
Roller skates – 15 km/h; walk –8 km/h; cycling 17.5 km/h; badminton - competitions; tennis - singles; easy descent from the mountain on skis; water skiing	7.5 kcal/min
Jogging; cycling – 19 km/h; energetic skiing down the mountain; basketball; hockey; football; playing with a ball in the water	9.5 kcal/min

2 . What biological significance do fats have in the human body? Give at least two meanings

Practical work “Calculation of nutritional standards”

Option 3.

Exercise.

1 . 14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for dinner if the girl eats four times a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Table 1 . Table of energy and nutritional value of fast food cafe products

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Omelette with ham
Vegetable salad

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Practicing tasks 31, 32 parts “C” of the OGE Master class Alla Lvovna Bryleva, biology teacher of the highest qualification category

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Testing skills Task 31 tests the ability to determine energy expenditure in various types of activities and prepare a diet. Task 32 tests the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet.

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Types of tasks in task 31 Type 1: A task in which the conditions indicate various types of training or competitions and their duration. In the task, it is necessary to determine: 1) the energy consumption of the activity, 2) create a menu corresponding to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner, 3) determine the caloric content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates in it. The task may also contain additional conditions that must be taken into account when creating the menu

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Type 2: A task in which the conditions indicate visiting excursions with a ready-made menu. It is necessary to determine: 1) the recommended caloric content of breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2) the actual caloric content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates received from food in addition to their daily norm. 3 type: Task in which the condition indicates visiting excursions - without a ready-made menu. It is necessary: ​​1) to create a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with the maximum content of BJU for four meals a day, 2) the recommended caloric content of breakfast, lunch or dinner appropriate for age, and 3) the amount of BJU in it

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Algorithm for solving the first type of problem Tamara took part in city badminton competitions, and then decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with a maximum protein content from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during the competition, which lasted 2.4 hours for the girl. When choosing, keep in mind that Tamara will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling. In your answer, indicate: Tamara’s energy consumption during the competition; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of the dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the competition, and the amount of protein in it.

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answer Energy expenditure - 1080 kcal Ordered dishes - ice cream with chocolate filling, double McMuffin, country potatoes, tea without sugar Calorie content of dinner - 1065 kcal Amount of protein - 50g

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Practicing skills in solving type 1 problems Olga, a master of sports in tennis, is at a training camp, where she actively trains with her friends for four hours every day (morning and evening). In their free time between two training sessions, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from Tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the optimal calorie and protein ratio menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for her energy costs during the morning two-hour workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling, as well as a sweet drink. However, the trainer asked Olga to consume dishes with the highest protein content. In your answer, indicate the energy consumption of the morning workout, recommended dishes, calorie content of lunch and the amount of protein in it.

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Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling, so he delivers mail on a bicycle at a speed of 10 km/h. In the first half of the day he works for 4 hours and then goes to a fast food restaurant for lunch. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the man a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy costs for a four-hour bike ride. When choosing, keep in mind that Ivan Petrovich really loves country-style potatoes and will definitely order two servings. In your answer, indicate: the postman’s energy consumption; ordered dishes; amount of carbohydrates; calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy expenditure while cycling.

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Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis (singles). Every Sunday they compete with each other in this sport. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Nikolai a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy consumption in the game, which lasted 2 hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelette with ham and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy expenditure during the game, and the amount of protein in it.

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Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis. Every Sunday they compete in this sport. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his expenses in the game, which lasted 2 hours and 5 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin and Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the amount of carbohydrates and calories, which should not exceed energy expenditure during the game.

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Peter, a guard on the basketball team, decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant after an evening practice. Using the data from Tables 1 and 2, offer Peter an optimal calorie-rich menu with a maximum carbohydrate content from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy consumption during a workout that lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Peter will definitely order an omelette with ham. In your answer, indicate: the athlete’s energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed energy expenditure during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After his morning workout, he decided to grab something to eat at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Garik a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with a maximum carbohydrate content, from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during training, if its duration is 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik will definitely order an omelette with ham. In your answer, indicate: the athlete’s energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of breakfast, which should not exceed the energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Algorithm for solving the second type of problem 15-year-old Nikolai visited the Stolby State Nature Reserve in Krasnoyarsk during the winter holidays. After the tour, he had dinner at a local fast food cafe. Nikolay ordered the following dishes and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, country-style potatoes and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of dinner, the energy value of the ordered dishes, the amount of carbohydrates received from food and the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

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Answer Recommended calorie content for dinner - 522 kcal Energy value of the ordered dishes - 865 kcal Amount of carbohydrates ingested with food - 115 g Ratio of the amount of carbohydrates ingested with food to their daily intake: 0.3 or 30%

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Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 2. During the autumn holidays, 17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and Nature Reserve “Museum-Estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. Before the start of the excursion, Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her first breakfast: an omelette with ham, a small portion of French fries, a vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: the recommended caloric content of the first breakfast, if Daria eats four times a day; real calorie content of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm. 14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Kazan Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small portion of French fries. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of Peter’s first breakfast if he eats four times a day; real energy value of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in breakfast dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

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14-year-old Sophia visited Pskov and its surroundings during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the State Pushkin Nature Reserve, she had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her second breakfast: Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of French fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of the second breakfast, if Sophia eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast dishes, the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm. 17-year-old Nikolai visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Samara Art Museum, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast: omelet with ham, orange juice and a portion of country-style potatoes. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, if Nikolai eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

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14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting a tour of the Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his second breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, a small portion of French fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended caloric content of the second breakfast, if Artyom eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm. 17-year-old Tatyana visited Tobolsk during her student winter holidays. Before starting the excursion “Tobolsk Kremlin - a masterpiece of stone architecture,” she had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks: a small portion of French fries, a Fresh McMuffin, a Caesar salad and orange juice. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended caloric content of lunch, if Tatyana eats four times a day; energy value of the ordered lunch; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

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Algorithm for solving the problem of the third type 10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Alexander’s first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Answer Calorie content of the first breakfast - 357 kcal Ordered dishes: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar Energy value of the ordered dishes 355 kcal Amount of carbohydrates - 42 g

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Practicing the skill of solving type 3 problems 15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during spring break. After an excursion to the Ipatiev Monastery, she decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day. Offer the girl a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order a double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer, indicate: caloric content of lunch; ordered dishes with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in it. 12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting the Golden Gate, the family decided to have dinner at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Olga’s dinner if she eats four times a day. Offer your teenager a menu that is optimal in calories and contains minimal fat from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order a Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoon of sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value and the amount of fat in it.

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10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Alexander’s first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 17-year-old Fedor visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Tretyakov Gallery, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum fat content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order a small portion of French fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the second breakfast; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

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14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for dinner if the girl eats four times a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum fat content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolai will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

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Task 32 Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet. In this task there are also several types: Questions on the digestive system; Questions about metabolism and energy; Questions on endocrine and nervous regulation; Questions about thermoregulation and excretion.

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Examples of tasks on the digestive system: Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should not be 20–25 minutes. Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood cause death? Please provide at least two reasons. Why can't a person absorb food in an undigested form? Please provide at least two reasons. What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? Specify at least two of its functions. Why is low stomach acid dangerous for humans? Please provide at least two reasons. What negative impact does smoking tobacco have on the digestive process? Please indicate at least two changes. What changes in the digestive processes in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes.

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During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with? What changes in the digestive processes in the small intestine does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes. A German proverb says: “Well chewed is half digested.” Explain its meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations. What organ dysfunction does the dentist warn a smoker about and why? List at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these organs. During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions and look at photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter should not be distracted and do other things while eating. Give at least two arguments.

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Explain in relation to nutrition why cleanliness is the key to health. Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of the well-known products laid out on the display case and the dishes offered from them, and after ordering the menu, he went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the actions of the teenager. Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them. List two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them? Justify the recommendations that should be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit juice, tea, compote and generally plenty of liquid. In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach becomes very stretched and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the functioning of other organs and the digestion process. Why? Food poisoning causes vomiting and abdominal pain. Explain their significance for the body. What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and the external manifestations of these disorders will a gastroenterologist warn a smoker about? What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

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Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy: Thirteen-year-old Nikolai visited a fast food coffee shop with his parents in the evening. Nikolai's body weight is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended calorie content and amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (in g) in Nikolai’s dinner, taking into account that the teenager eats four times a day. Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when preparing his diet? Give two arguments. What biological significance do fats have in the human body? Name at least two meanings. Which foods contain cholesterol? Why is high blood cholesterol dangerous for the human body? How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in food? Please indicate two methods. What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is it not recommended for teenagers to exclude foods of animal origin from their diet?

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Name two external signs that a person does not have enough protein in their diet. Often, when there is a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in a person’s diet, but why don’t they talk about a carbohydrate or fat deficiency? Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body. In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and no carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was discovered in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin. What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet? Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons. The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot. What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body? Why did the trainer pay Olga’s special attention to the protein content of the ordered dishes? Provide at least two arguments.

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Examples of tasks on endocrine and nervous regulation: Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Indicate at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce. Why should a person limit his sugar intake? Give at least two arguments. Which drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures? Why is the drug of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the drugs of the adrenal cortex hormones, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, are taken as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drugs in the form of tablets? Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?

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Questions about thermoregulation and excretion For what purpose is a patient asked to do a urine test when checking their health status? What can a specialist detect in urine if a patient has kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples. During a multi-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about +10 °C, Zinaida felt that she was freezing. Using knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl felt discomfort on the street. In 1 hour, the human body generates the same amount of heat as is needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the human body temperature remains virtually unchanged. Why? Indicate at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining a constant body temperature.