This article describes how to use an aggregate function to summarize data in query results. It also briefly describes the use of other aggregate functions, such as COUNT And AVG, to count or average the values ​​in a result set of records. This article also discusses using the Total Row, a feature in Access that allows you to summarize data without changing the structure of your queries.

Select the desired action

General understanding of data summarization methods

You can sum a numeric column in a query using an aggregate function. Aggregate functions perform calculations on columns of data and return a single value. There are many aggregate functions in Access, including Sum, Count, Avg(to calculate the average value), Min And Max. Data is summed by adding a function to the request Sum, counting data - by using the function Count etc.

Access also provides several ways to add a function Sum and other aggregate functions into the query. You can:

Open the query in Datasheet view and add a total row. Total Row is an Access feature that allows you to use aggregate functions on one or more columns in the results of a query without having to change its structure.

Create a final query. A summary query calculates subtotals for groups of records, and a total row calculates grand totals for one or more columns (fields) of data. For example, if you want to calculate a subtotal of all sales by city or by quarter, you would use a summary query to group records by category and then sum all sales.

Create a cross request. A cross-query is a special type of query that displays results in a grid, similar to an Excel worksheet. Cross queries sum the values ​​and then group them into two sets of facts - along the side (row headers) and along the top (column headers). For example, you can use a cross-query to display the sales totals for each city for the last three years, as shown in the table:

City
Krasnodar
Saint Petersburg
Moscow

Note: The following sections of this article describe in detail the use of the function. Sum, but be aware that you can use other aggregate functions in total rows and queries. For more information about using other aggregate functions, see the section below.

For more information about ways to use other aggregate functions, see .

The following sections describe how to add a total row, use a summary query to summarize data, and a cross-over query to calculate subtotals across groups and time intervals. Remember that many aggregate functions only work with data in fields that have a specific data type. For example, the function SUM Only works with Number, Real, and Currency data types. For more information about the data types required for each function, see the section below.

For general information about data types, see Change the data type for a field.

Preparing sample data

The instructions in this article provide tables with example data. They help you understand how aggregate functions work. You can add sample tables to a new or existing database.

There are several ways to do this in Access. You can enter the data manually, copy each table into a spreadsheet editor (such as Excel) and import the sheets into Access, or you can paste the data into a text editor such as Notepad and import it from the text files you create.

The step-by-step instructions in this section explain how to manually enter data into a blank worksheet and how to copy sample tables into a spreadsheet editor and then import them into Access. For more information about creating and importing text data, see Import data or link to text file data.

The step-by-step instructions in this article use the tables below. Create example data based on this:

Products tables

Name of product	Price
Programmer figurine
		Games and puzzles
Relational Database Schema		Pictures and frames
		Games and puzzles
Access! A game!		Games and puzzles
		Video games
		DVDs and movies
The Elusive Flying Pizza		Sport equipment
		Models for assembly, hobby
		Video games
Assemble the keyboard		Models for assembly, hobby

Table Orders

order date	Shipping date	Destination city	Cost of delivery
		Jakarta (Jakarta)
		Jakarta (Jakarta)
		Novosibirsk
		Vladivostok
		Krasnodar
		Saint Petersburg

Table Order Details

Order ID	Name of product	Product code	Unit price	Quantity	Discount
	Assemble the keyboard
	Fixed figurine of a bureaucrat
	Get started on your computer! From DVD!
	Magic chip
	Computer maniacs and mythical animals
	Access! A game!
	Programmer figurine
	The Elusive Flying Pizza
	External floppy drive 5.25"" (1:4 scale)
	Relational Database Schema
	Relational Database Schema

Note: Remember that in a typical database, the Order Details table will only contain the Product Code field (no Product Name field). In this example, the “Product Name” field is used to simplify the perception of the data.

Entering sample data manually

If you don't want to enter data manually, you can use the following steps to copy the information into a spreadsheet file and then import the data from it into Access.

Creating sample data sheets

Launch a spreadsheet editor and create an empty file. If you're using Excel, it creates a blank workbook by default.

Copy the first table example and paste it into the first sheet, starting from the first cell.

Give the sheet a name using the spreadsheet editor features. It must match the name of the example table. For example, if the example is called Categories, give the sheet the same name.

Repeat steps 2 and 3 to copy each example table to a blank sheet and rename that sheet.

Note: You may need to add sheets to your spreadsheet file. For information on how to do this, see the spreadsheet editor help.

Save the book in the desired folder on your computer or network and proceed to the next procedure.

Creating Database Tables from Sheets

On the tab External data in Group Import click Excel.

Click the button Additionally, and then select Spreadsheet Editor from the list.

A dialog box will open External data - sheet<имя программы> .

Click the button Review, open the spreadsheet file created in the previous steps and click OK.

The Spreadsheet Import Wizard window will open.

By default, the wizard selects the first sheet in the workbook (in this example, the sheet Clients), and the data from this sheet appears at the bottom of the wizard page. Click the button Further.

On the next page of the wizard, select The first line contains the column names and then click the button Further.

If necessary, you can change field names and data types or skip some fields by using text fields and lists in the group Field Options. Otherwise, click the button Further.

Leave the parameter automatically generate a key selected and press the button Further.

By default, Access uses the sheet name for the new table. Leave this name or enter a different one, and then click the button Ready.

Repeat steps 1 through 7 for each sheet in your Excel workbook to create a table for it.

Renaming primary key fields

Note: When you import sheets, Access automatically adds a primary key column to each table and gives it a default name of Code and a data type of Counter. This section provides instructions for renaming primary key fields. This allows you to clearly define all the fields in the request.

In the navigation pane, right-click each table created in the previous step and select Constructor.

For each table, find the primary key field. By default, Access gives each field a name Code.

In column Field name For each primary key field, add the table name.

For example, you would rename the ID field for the Categories table to "category code" and the field for the Orders table to "order code". In the "Order Details" table, rename the field to "Detail ID". In the Products table, rename the field to "product code".

Save your changes.

Summarize data using a total row

To add a total row to a query, open it in Datasheet view, add the row, and then select the aggregate function you want, such as Sum, Min, Max or Avg. This section explains how to create a simple select query and add a total row. It is not necessary to use the example tables presented in the previous section.

Creating a simple select query

Adding a Total Row

Make sure the query is open in Datasheet view. To do this, right-click the document tab for the request and select Table mode.

Double-click the query in the navigation pane. The query will be executed and its results will be loaded into the table.

On the tab home in Group Posts click the button Results.

A new row will appear in the table Bottom line.

In line Bottom line Click the cell in the field for which you want to calculate the sum and select the function from the list Sum.

Hide the total row

On the tab home in Group Posts click the button Results.

For more information about using a total row, see Displaying totals by column in a table.

Calculate grand totals using a query

Grand totals are the sum of all values ​​in a column. You can calculate several types of grand totals, including:

A simple grand total that sums the values ​​of one column. For example, you can calculate the total shipping cost.

A calculated grand total that sums the values ​​of multiple columns. For example, you can calculate sales amounts by multiplying the price of several items by the number of items ordered, and then summing the resulting values.

The grand total excluding a few entries. For example, you can calculate the sales amount only for the last Friday.

The following sections describe how to calculate each type of grand total. The instructions use the Orders and Order Details tables.

Table "Orders"

Order ID	order date	Shipping date	Destination city	Cost of delivery
			Jakarta (Jakarta)
			Saint Petersburg
			Krasnodar
			Novosibirsk
			Vladivostok
			Krasnodar
			Saint Petersburg

Table "Order Details"

Information code	Order ID	Name of product	Product code	Unit price	Quantity	Discount
		Assemble the keyboard
		Fixed figurine of a bureaucrat
		Get started on your computer! From DVD!
four-processor		Magic chip
		Computer maniacs and mythical animals
		Access! A game!
		Programmer figurine
	four-processor	The Elusive Flying Pizza
		External floppy drive 5.25"" (1:4 scale)
		Relational Database Schema
		Relational Database Schema

Calculating a simple grand total

Calculate grand total excluding a few records

Calculate group totals using a summary query

This topic describes how to create a summary query to calculate subtotals across groups of data. Remember that by default, the summary query can only include the field or fields that contain the data you're grouping on, such as the Categories field, and fields with values ​​that you want to sum, such as the Sales field. Summary queries cannot include other fields that describe values ​​within a category. If you want to display this descriptive data, create a second select query that combines the fields from the summary query with the fields that contain additional data.

This section describes how to create total and selection queries if you want to determine the sales volume for each product. The following tables are used as an example:

Products tables

Product code	Name of product	Price
	Programmer figurine
	Experimenting with C# (a game for the whole family)		Games and puzzles
	Relational Database Schema		Pictures and frames
	Magic chip (500 parts)		Pictures and frames
	Access! A game!		Games and puzzles
	Computer maniacs and mythical animals		Video games
	Get started on your computer! From DVD!		DVDs and movies
	The Elusive Flying Pizza		Sport equipment
	External floppy drive 5.25"" (1:4 scale)		Models for assembly, hobby
	Fixed figurine of a bureaucrat
			Video games
	Assemble the keyboard		Models for assembly, hobby

Table "Order Details"

Information code	Order ID	Name of product	Product code	Unit price	Quantity	Discount
		Assemble the keyboard
		Fixed figurine of a bureaucrat
		Get started on your computer! From DVD!
		Magic chip
		Computer maniacs and mythical animals
		Access! A game!
		Programmer figurine
	four-processor	The Elusive Flying Pizza
		External floppy drive 5.25"" (1:4 scale)
		Relational Database Schema
		Relational Database Schema

The following steps also assume that there is a one-to-many relationship between the Item Code fields in the Orders and Order Details tables, with the Orders table on the one side of this relationship.

Creating a summary query

On the tab Create in Group Other click the button Query Builder.

In the dialog box Adding a table select the required tables, click the button Add, and after adding tables, click the button Close.

Double-click each of the tables you want, and then click Close. The table appears as a window at the top of the query designer.

If you use the example tables above, add the Products and Order Details tables.

Double-click the table fields that you want to use in the query.

Typically, only the group field and the value field are added to the request. However, instead of a value field, you can use a calculation, and then explain step by step how to do this.

1. Create a column that calculates sales for each transaction by entering the following expression in the second column of the query form:

   Total Sales Value: (1-[Order Details].[Discount]/100)*([Order Details].[Unit Price]*[Order Details].[Quantity])

   Make sure that the fields referenced by the expression have the data types "Number" or "Currency". If it refers to fields with other data types, an error message will appear when you try to switch to Datasheet view Data type mismatch in selection condition expression.

   On the tab Constructor in Group Show or hide click the button Results.

   The line will appear on the form Bottom line, in the first and second columns of which it will be indicated Grouping.

   In the second column, change the value in the row Bottom line lines on Sum. Function Sum summarizes individual sales indicators.

   Execute .

   Leave the request open to use in the next section.

   Using conditions in the resulting query

   The query created in the previous section includes all records in the base tables. It does not exclude any orders when calculating totals and displays totals for all categories.

   If you need to exclude some records, you can add conditions to the query. For example, you can skip transactions with an amount less than RUB 100 or calculate totals only for some product categories. This section describes the use of three types of conditions:

   Conditions that ignore some groups when calculating totals. For example, you can calculate totals only for the product categories Video Games, Pictures & Frames, and Sports Equipment.

   Conditions that hide some totals after they have been calculated. For example, you can display only totals over RUB 150,000.

   Conditions that exclude certain records when calculating the total. For example, you can exclude individual transactions in which the value (Unit Price * Quantity) is less than RUB 100.

   The following steps explain how to add conditions one by one and how this will affect the query results.

   Adding Conditions to a Query

   Open the request from the previous section in the Designer. To do this, right-click the document tab for the request and select Constructor.

   Right-click the query in the navigation pane and select Constructor.

   In line Selection conditions in the "Category Code" column, enter =Dolls Or Sports Equipment or Pictures and Frames.

   To run the query and display the results in Datasheet view, click Execute .

   Return to the Designer and in the line Selection conditions column "Total sales value" enter >100 .

   Run the query to view the results, and then switch to the Designer.

   Now add conditions to exclude individual transactions whose amount is less than 100 rubles. To do this, you need to add another column.

   Note: The third condition cannot be specified for the Sales Total column. Any condition specified for this column will be applied to the total value and not to the individual values.

   Copy the expression from the second column to the third column.

   In line Bottom line new column select Condition, and in the line Selection conditions enter >20 .

   Run the query to view the results, and then save it.

   Note: The next time you open a request in the Designer, you may notice small changes in the form. In the second column the expression in the line Field will be wrapped in a function Sum, and in the line Results will be indicated Expression instead of a function Sum.

   Total sales value: Sum((1-[Order Details].Discount/100)*([Order Details].Price*[ Order information].Quantity))

   A fourth column will also be displayed. This column is a copy of the second column, but the conditions specified in the second column actually appear as part of the new column.

Summarizing data from multiple groups using a cross-query

A cross-query is a special type of query that displays results in a grid, similar to an Excel worksheet. Cross queries sum the values ​​and then group them into two sets of facts - one set along the side (row headers) and a second set along the top (column headers). The figure shows part of the result set for an example cross-over query.

Remember that a cross-section query does not always populate all fields in the result set because the tables used in the query do not always contain values ​​for all possible data points.

When you create a cross-section query, you typically include data from multiple tables, and you always include three types of data: data used as row headers, data used as column headings, and values ​​that you want to sum or perform other calculations on.

The instructions in this section assume the following example tables:

Table "Orders"

order date	Shipping date	Destination city	Cost of delivery
		Jakarta (Jakarta)
		Saint Petersburg
		Krasnodar
		Novosibirsk
		Vladivostok
		Krasnodar
		Saint Petersburg

Table "Order Details"

Order ID	Name of product	Product code	Unit price	Quantity	Discount
	Assemble the keyboard
	Fixed figurine of a bureaucrat
	Get started on your computer! From DVD!
	Magic chip
	Computer maniacs and mythical animals
	Access! A game!
	Programmer figurine
	The Elusive Flying Pizza
	External floppy drive 5.25"" (1:4 scale)
	Relational Database Schema
	Relational Database Schema

The following explains how to create a cross-query that groups sales totals by city. The query uses two expressions to return the formatted date and the total sales volume.

Creating a Cross Query

On the tab Create in Group Other click the button Query Builder.

In the dialog box Displaying tables Double-click the tables you want to use in the query, and then click Close.

The table appears as a window at the top of the query designer.

If using the sample tables, double-click the Orders and Order Details tables.

Double-click the fields you want to use in your query.

Each field name will appear in a blank cell in the row Field on the form.

If using the example tables, add the Destination City and Shipping Date fields from the Orders table.

To the next empty cell in the row Field copy and paste or type the following expression: Sales results: Sum(CCur([Order information].[Unit price]*[Quantity]*(1-[Discount])/100)*100)

On the tab Constructor in Group Request type click element Cross table.

The request form will display the lines Bottom line And Cross.

Click a cell in a row Bottom line in the "Destination City" field and select Grouping. Follow the same steps for the Ship Date field. Change the value in a cell Results fields "Sales totals" on Expression.

In line Cross assign the cell in the "Destination City" field the value Row headers, field "Shipment date" - value Column Headings, and the field "Sales totals" - Meaning.

On the tab Constructor in Group results click the button Execute.

The query results will be displayed in table view.

Aggregate Functions Reference

The following table lists and explains the Access aggregate functions that you can use in total rows and queries. Remember that Access has more aggregate functions for queries than for total rows. Additionally, when you work with an Access project (an external Access database that connects to a Microsoft SQL Server database), you can use the enhanced set of aggregate functions provided by SQL Server. For more information about them, see Microsoft SQL Server Books Online.

Function	Description	Supported data types
	Calculates the average value for a column. The column must contain numeric, monetary, or date or time values. The function ignores empty values.
	Counts the number of elements in a column.	All data types except complex repeating scalar data such as a multivalued list column. For more information about multi-valued lists, see Best practices for creating and deleting multi-valued fields in the Multi-Valued Fields tutorials.
Maximum	Returns the element with the highest value. For text data, the largest value is the last value in the alphabet, and Access is not case sensitive. The function ignores empty values.	"Number", "Currency", "Date/Time"
	Returns the element with the smallest value. For text data, the largest value is the first alphabetical value, and Access is not case sensitive. The function ignores empty values.	"Number", "Currency", "Date/Time"
Standard Deviation	Shows how much the values ​​deviate from the average. For more information about this feature, see Show totals by column in a table.	"Number", "Cash"
	Sums the elements in a column. Suitable for numeric and monetary data only.	"Number", "Cash"
	Calculates the statistical variance for all values ​​in a column. Suitable for numeric and monetary data only. If the table contains fewer than two rows, Access returns a blank value. For more information about functions for calculating variance, see Display column totals in a table.	"Number", "Cash"

SECTION XVI

MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND MECHANISMS;

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; THEIR PARTS;

SOUND RECORDING AND SOUND PRODUCING EQUIPMENT,

EQUIPMENT FOR RECORDING AND PLAYING TELEVISION

IMAGE AND SOUND, THEIR PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Notes:

1. This section does not include:

groups 39 or of vulcanized rubber (heading), devices or other articles of a kind used in machinery or mechanical or electrical apparatus or for other technical purposes, made of vulcanized rubber, other than hard rubber (heading);

(b) articles of leather or composite leather (heading) or of natural fur (heading) used in machines or mechanical apparatus or for other technical purposes;

(e) conveyor belts or transmission belts, or belting, of textile materials (heading ) or other articles of textile materials for technical purposes (heading );

(e) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, artificial or reconstructed) of heading - or articles made entirely from the above-mentioned stones of heading , other than loose worked sapphires and diamonds for pickup styli (heading );

(k) products of section XVII;

(o) replaceable working tools of heading or brushes that are parts of machines (heading); similar interchangeable tools classified according to the material from which their working part is made (e.g. group 40, , , or or in heading or );

(p) typewriter ribbons or similar ribbons, whether or not in reels or cassettes (classified according to the material of which they are made, or by heading if inked or otherwise processed to produce impressions), or monosupports , bipeds, tripods and similar articles of heading .

(b) other parts intended for use exclusively or principally with one type of machine or with a number of machines of the same heading (including machines of heading or ) are to be classified with those machines or in heading , , , , , , , or accordingly. However, parts which are equally suitable for use primarily with goods of headings and - are classified in heading .

3. Combination machines, consisting of two or more machines connected together to form a single unit, and other machines designed to perform two or more complementary or unrelated functions, shall be classified as consisting only of that component or being that machine, which performs a primary function unless the context indicates otherwise.

4. Where a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components (whether separately located or connected by pipelines, transmission devices, electrical cables or other devices) designed together to perform a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings groups 84 or , then it is classified in the heading corresponding to that specific function.

5. In these notes, the term “machine” means any machine, equipment, mechanism, unit, installation, apparatus or device included in the headings groups 84 or .

Additional notes:

1. Tools necessary for the assembly or maintenance of machines shall be classified together with those machines if imported with them. Replacement tools imported with machines should also be classified with them if the tools form part of the normal equipment of the machines and are normally sold with them.

2. At the request of the customs authorities, the declarant must submit, to confirm the information stated in the declaration, an illustrated document (for example, instructions, brochures, a sheet from a catalog, a photograph) containing a description of the machine, its purpose and main characteristics, and in the case of an unassembled or disassembled machine – assembly diagram and list of contents of various cargo packages.

3. At the request of the declarant and subject to the conditions established by the competent authorities, the provisions of the Basic Rule of Interpretation 2a of the Nomenclature are also applicable to machines moved across the customs border in separate consignments.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

(I) GENERAL CONTENT OF THIS SECTION

(A) Subject to certain exceptions given in the notes to this section and groups 84 and, and, except for goods more specifically named in other sections, this section covers all mechanical and electrical equipment, machinery, installations, apparatus and devices and parts thereof, as well as certain apparatus and installations that are neither mechanical nor electrical (such such as boilers and boiler rooms, filtration installations, etc.), and parts of such devices and installations.

To this section don't turn on:

(a) reels, spools, bobbins, sleeves, etc., made of any material (classified according to the material from which they are made). However, weaving beams are not to be considered as bobbins, spools or similar carriers and are included in commodity item;

(b) general purpose parts described in note 2 to section XV such as wire, chains, bolts, screws and springs made of ferrous metals ( commodity item , , or), and similar products made of other base metals ( groups 74 – 76 And 78 – 81 ), locks commodity item, fastening fittings and fittings for doors, windows, etc. commodity item. Similar plastic products are also not included in this section, but included in group 39 ;

(c) interchangeable tools commodity item; other similar interchangeable tools are classified according to the material from which their working part is made (e.g. group 40 (rubber), in group 42 (skin), in group 43 (fur), in group 45 (cork) or in group 59 (textile materials), or in commodity item(abrasives, etc.), or in commodity item(ceramics), etc.);

(h) equipment and devices in the nature of toys, games or sports equipment, and their identifiable parts and accessories (including non-electric motors, but excluding liquid pumps and equipment for filtering or purifying liquids or gases, which is included in commodity item or , respectively, and also excluding electric motors, electrical transformers and radio remote control devices that are included in commodity item, or , respectively) which are suitable for use solely or primarily in toys, games or sports equipment ( group 95 );

(B) As a general rule, goods in this section may be made of any material. In the vast majority of cases they are made of base metal, but this section also includes certain equipment made of other materials (for example, pumps made entirely of plastic) and parts made of plastic, wood, precious metals, etc.

However, this section don't turn on:

(a) conveyor belts or transmission belts, or belting, of plastics (group 39 ); products made from uncured vulcanized rubber, such as conveyor belts or drive belts. or belting ( commodity item), rubber tires, tubes, etc. ( commodity items –) and washers, etc. ( commodity item);

(c) textile products, such as conveyor belts or transmission belts ( commodity item), felt pads and polishing discs ( commodity item);

(f) products made entirely of precious or semi-precious stones (natural, artificial or reconstructed) ( commodity item , , or), with the exception of non-mounted treated sapphires or diamonds for pickup styli ( commodity item);

(II) PARTS

(note 2 to this section)

In general, parts suitable for use exclusively or principally in particular machines or apparatus (including machines and apparatus of heading or) or in groups of machinery or apparatus of the same heading are classified in the same heading as the machinery or apparatus except exceptions specified in paragraph (1) above. However, the following parts are allocated independent product items:

The above rules Not refer to parts which themselves form an article covered by one of the headings of this section ( except commodity items and); they are in all cases included in the headings concerned, even if they are specifically designed to function as part of a particular machine. In particular this applies to the following parts:

(5) Ball or roller bearings and polished steel balls with a tolerance not exceeding 1% or 0.05 mm, whichever is less (heading ).

(6) Transmission shafts, cranks, bearing housings, plain bearings, gears and gears (including friction transmissions, gearboxes and other reduction mechanisms), flywheels, pulleys and pulley blocks, couplings and shaft connecting devices (heading ).

(13) Electrical equipment for switching, protection, etc. electrical circuits (switches, fuses, junction boxes, etc.) (commodity items and ).

(14) Control panels, panels, consoles, tables, distribution boards and other equipment for controlling or distributing electric current (heading).

(17) Electric carbons (for example, carbon arc lamp electrodes, carbon electrodes and carbon brushes) (heading ).

Other parts identifiable as such but not intended exclusively or primarily for use in a particular machine or class of machines (for example, which may be common to several machines falling under different headings) are included in the heading (if non-electrical) or in the heading (if they are electric), if they not excluded the above provisions.

The above provisions concerning the classification of parts do not apply to parts of goods classified in the heading (gaskets, etc.), (insulated wires), (carbon electrodes), (insulators) or (electrical wiring tubes); In general, such parts are classified into material-appropriate groups.

Machine parts are classified in this section whether they are finally ready for use or not. However, rough forgings made of ferrous metals are included in commodity item.

(III) AUXILIARY DEVICES

(see Rules 2(a) and 3(b) of the Basic Rules of Interpretation

Nomenclatures and notes 3 and 4 to this section)

Ancillary instruments and apparatus (for example, pressure gauges, thermometers, level gauges or other measuring or control instruments, production meters, clock switches, control panels, automatic regulators) presented with the machine or apparatus to which they usually belong are classified with that machine or apparatus if they are designed to measure, monitor, control or regulate one particular machine or apparatus (which may be a combination of machines (see clause VI below) or a functional unit (see clause VII below)). However, auxiliary instruments and apparatus designed for measuring, monitoring, controlling or regulating several machines (of the same or different types) are included in the headings corresponding to those goods.

(IV) UNFINISHED MACHINES

interpretation of the Nomenclature)

In this section, any reference to a machine or device refers not only to a completed machine, but also to an unfinished machine (that is, assembled from parts so completely that it already possesses the main essential features of a completed machine). Thus a machine lacking only a flywheel, base plate, calender rolls, tool holding devices, etc., is classified in the same heading as the machine and not in any separate heading reserved for parts. Likewise, a machine or apparatus normally containing an electric motor (for example, an electromechanical hand tool of heading ) is included in the heading for the corresponding completed machine, even if it is presented without that motor.

(V) UNASSEMBLED MACHINES

(See Rule 2(a) of the Fundamental Rules

interpretation of the Nomenclature)

For ease of transportation, many machines and devices are transported unassembled. Although the goods in this case are in fact a collection of parts, they are classified under the relevant machine and not under any separate heading relating to parts. The same applies to unfinished machines that have the characteristics of a completed machine (see point (IV) above) and are presented in disassembled form (see also in this regard the general provisions to groups 84 And ). However, unassembled components in quantities greater than those required for a completed machine or for an unfinished machine having the characteristics of a completed machine are included in the headings corresponding to those goods.

(VI) MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINES AND COMBINATION MACHINES

(note 3 to this section)

In general, multi-functional machines are classified according to the main function of that machine.

Multifunctional machines, for example, include metal-cutting machines that use interchangeable tools to perform various machining operations (for example, milling, boring, lapping).

If the essential function cannot be determined and unless, as provided in Note 3 to this section, the context otherwise requires, Rule 3(c) of the Fundamental Rules for the Interpretation of the Nomenclature shall apply; this applies in particular to multi-functional machines which could potentially be classified in heading - , heading - or heading - .

Combined machines, consisting of two or more machines or devices of different types, connected together to form a single whole, performing sequentially or simultaneously separate functions that complement each other and are described in different product headings section XVI, are also classified according to the main function of the combination machine.

The following are examples of such combination machines: printing machines with an auxiliary paper holding machine (heading); a machine for making cardboard boxes, combined with an auxiliary machine for printing inscriptions or simple designs (heading); industrial ovens combined with lifting and handling devices (heading or ); machine for the production of cigarettes combined with an auxiliary packaging machine (heading).

For the purposes of the above provisions, machines of various types are taken, designed to fit together to form a single whole, when built into one another or mounted on top of another, or when mounted on a common base or frame or in a common housing.

Assemblies of machines should not be considered as intended to be joined together to form a single unit, unless the machines are specifically designed to be permanently mated to each other or attached to a common base, frame, body, etc. This excludes kits that are temporary in nature or that are not normally built into the combination machine.

The bases, frames or housings can be equipped with wheels so that the combination machine can be moved when necessary when in use, given that, that it thereby does not acquire the distinctive features of a product (for example, a vehicle), more specifically named as a separate commodity item in the Nomenclature.

Floors, concrete bases, walls, partitions, ceilings, etc., even those specifically designed to accommodate machines or installations, should not be considered as a common base connecting such machines or installations into a single whole.

It should be remembered that multi-purpose machines (for example, machines capable of processing metals and other materials, or punching machines, likewise used in paper, textile, leather, plastics and other industries) should be classified in accordance with the provisions of note 7 to group 84.

(VII) FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS

(note 4 to this section)

This note applies when a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components designed together to perform a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings groups 84 or, more often, groups 85. Then this whole must be included in the heading corresponding to this function, regardless of whether these components are located (for convenience or for other reasons) separately or are connected by pipelines (carrying air, compressed gas, oil, etc.), devices for the transmission of energy, electrical cables or other devices.

For the purposes of this note, the expression "designed together to perform a clearly defined function" refers only to those machines and combinations of machines that are necessary to perform a function specific to the functional unit as a whole, and therefore does not include machines or devices performing auxiliary functions and not affecting the functions of the system as a whole.

The following are examples of function blocks of this type, within the meaning of Note 4 to this section:

(1) Hydraulic systems consisting of a hydraulic power unit (including a hydraulic pump, an electric motor, control valves and an oil tank), hydraulic cylinders, and pipes or hoses connecting those cylinders to the hydraulic power unit (heading ).

(2) Refrigeration equipment consisting of components that are not assembled together to form a single unit, but are connected by piping through which refrigerant circulates (heading ).

(3) Irrigation systems consisting of a control station, which includes filters, injectors, water meters, etc. underground distribution and branch lines, and surface networks (commodity item).

(4) Milking installations with individual components (vacuum pump, pulsator, cups and containers) connected by hoses or pipes (heading ).

(5) Equipment for the brewing industry, including, inter alia, grain sprouting or malting apparatus, malt grinding machines, mash tuns, lauter tuns (heading ). Auxiliary installations (for example, filling machines, labeling and printing machines) are, however, not included in this heading and must be classified in the headings appropriate to these goods.

(6) Letter sorting machines consisting essentially of encoders, channel pre-sorting systems, intermediate sorting machines and final sorting machines, controlled as a whole by a computer (heading 84.72).

(12) Satellite television receiving systems consisting of a receiver, a parabolic antenna reflector, a reflector rotator, a feeder (waveguide), a polarizer, a low noise frequency down converter (LNA) and an infrared remote control device (heading 8528).

(13) Security alarm devices containing, for example, a source of infrared radiation, a photocell and a bell (heading).

It should be noted that components not covered by Note 4 to section XVI, are included in the corresponding headings. This applies, for example, to closed circuit video surveillance systems consisting of a combination of various numbers of television cameras and video monitors connected by coaxial cables to the controller, switches, audio cards/receivers and possibly computers (for storing information) and/or video recorders (for recording images). ).

Commodity item or measuring, control and other instruments groups 90 . For example, small furnaces, distillation units, crushers, stirrers, electrical transformers and capacitors used in laboratories are included in this section.

How to use the techniques described in this section

I use not only all the intelligence I have, but all the intelligence I can borrow.

Woodrow Wilson

Concluding this section, I think it would be appropriate to introduce to your attention a technique called “paired brainstorming”, which will help you increase the effectiveness of this (and other) exercises. Why not use Wilson's example and borrow the thinking resources of other people? Ask a friend or colleague to give you an hour of their time so that you can come up with a POP! headline, title, tagline, or short presentation for your project.

Step 1. Find a quiet place where there will be no distractions and will not prevent you from concentrating on the exercise. Decide who will come up with ideas first and who will write them down. After the first round, switch roles so that both have the opportunity to express their creativity.

Step 2. Take your B9 form and explain to your partner what you want to achieve in the thirty minutes allotted. Do you need to get the proposal you present to be accepted by some committee or council? Do you want to find a suitable name for your business or come up with an apt headline?

Step 3. Start with the alpha and omega technique. Perhaps some original word will come out. Say your ideas out loud, play with words, and let your partner write everything down for you. Naturally, he will not have time to record absolutely everything, unless he has shorthand skills, but let him try to write down some code words, which will later help him remember everything else. This way you can go back to those options and experiment with them.

Step 4. When about half of your allotted time remains, try one of the other techniques suggested in this section. You might want to run key words through the alphabet, or you might try to put yourself in the shoes of a client facing a problem related to your topic and describe your thoughts and experiences out loud while your partner writes down memorable phrases and expressions from your speech.

Note. When sketching out a list of options, voice everything that comes to mind without editing or analyzing anything. If you've slowed down, it means you've started to overthink and evaluate your idea. During the brainstorming process, all options are counted and go into a common pool. James Thurber said: “Even if it’s wrong, the main thing is to write it down.” Your goal is to create, not edit. The more options, the better. Make sketches now and make edits later.

Step 5. When there are five minutes left on your time, look through the entries and choose the most catchy option. Remember: what gets your attention will likely get the attention of others.

This is an incredibly enjoyable part of the POP process! - method. E. M. Forster said, “How will I know what I am thinking until I have heard what I am saying?” Being able to immerse yourself in your topic and explore options (without censorship) helps you achieve that inspired state of flow where you're lost in your thoughts and don't notice anything else around you. You may not even remember everything you said out loud, which makes it all the more pleasant to look at your notes with fresh eyes, as if you were hearing about these ideas for the first time. In a sense, this is true.

Be sure to pay extra attention to thoughts that feel like they have hidden potential—those that might be called the tip of the iceberg. If you both find a certain idea interesting, devote a little more time to it than the others. Explain in more detail what you meant by this. Such “tip of the iceberg” are like great works of art that have a multi-layered and multifaceted impact on us. The longer you look at them, the more you think about them and the more they tell you.

Don't try to switch from one of your projects to another and come up with options for both at once. It is much more effective to focus all your attention on just one project and completely immerse yourself in its topic. This is a rare opportunity to be selfish and talk as much as you like about something very important to you. The point of this exercise is to thoroughly examine your business proposal. It gives you a chance to continue the chain of your thoughts unhindered, and not break it off in order to give the right to speak to another person.

Step 6. At the end of thirty minutes, you and your partner will switch roles and they will now offer their ideas for a name, slogan or sales message. Good luck!

In the next part of the book, you will become familiar with the science and art of reducing a message to a succinct phrase that, for all its brevity, can tell a lot.

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The classification code of a product is determined in accordance with six Basic Rules of Interpretation (GRI). The GPI is applied sequentially, moving from Rule 1 to Rule 2, etc. The first four rules determine the classification of goods at the level of a commodity item, Rule 6 - at the level of a subitem and is applied only after the corresponding commodity item has already been determined, Rule 5 determines the classification of packaging materials and containers that are supplied with the goods for which it is intended. Rules 5 and 6 may be applied in conjunction with the first four Rules.

Rule 1

“The names of sections, groups and subgroups are given only for the convenience of using the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity; for legal purposes, the classification of goods in the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity is carried out based on the texts of commodity items and the corresponding notes to sections or groups and, unless otherwise provided by such texts, in accordance with the following provisions: ..." [of these rules] 1.

The first part of the Rule stipulates that the names of sections, groups and subgroups are given only for the convenience of using the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity.

This means that grouping the Nomenclature into sections, groups and subgroups, which are equipped with names indicating in a concise form the various categories and types of goods, allows you to quickly determine the sections, groups and subgroups in which the product may be included. The names of sections, groups and subgroups have no legal force.

The legal basis for the classification of goods is determined by the second part of this rule: “for legal purposes, the classification of goods in the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity is carried out based on the texts of commodity items and the corresponding notes to sections or groups, and, unless otherwise provided by such texts, in accordance with the following provisions.”

Thus, the classification of goods must be made on the basis of the texts of the headings and the corresponding notes to sections or groups, and only if such texts do not provide otherwise, reference should be made to Rules 2, 3, 4 and 5.

In the nomenclature, many goods can be classified on the basis of the text of the heading without further recourse to other rules of interpretation (for example, milk and cream are named in the text of heading 0401, shawls, scarves, mufflers - in heading 6214, record players - in heading 8519) .

However, when considering the texts of commodity items, it is necessary to pay attention to punctuation marks, since they have great semantic meaning.

For example, heading 0307 includes “molluscs, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine...”. Commas between different parts of this sentence indicate that shellfish (both in shell and without shell) can be either live or chilled, frozen or dried, etc.

In the nomenclature, goods can be classified in the corresponding headings according to the material from which the goods are made, by function and by the degree of processing.

Therefore, a good can be classified both in a heading that describes the material from which it is made, and in a heading that describes the function of the good. Leaving free choice between product items is unacceptable, as this may violate the principle of uniform classification and lead to unreliable statistics. In the event that a product can be classified in various product positions, notes to sections and groups help to determine the only correct position.

When studying the notes, it is not always enough to consider those for the corresponding section, group or heading; it is also necessary to check other sections and groups, since the notes usually contain a reference to the limits of their application: throughout the nomenclature (for example, notes 1 and 5 to group 43, note 2 to section XV) within a section (for example, note 3A to section XI), group, heading, subheading (for example, note to subheading 3808 50 to group 38) or subheading (additional notes).

All notes can be classified as follows:

– excluding the product from the structural grouping under consideration;

– including goods in the specified structural grouping;

– explanatory concepts, terms and definitions;

– reflecting the manufacturing technology of the product, its technical characteristics;

– grouped goods, composite products, mixed goods, parts of goods included in this structural element;

– establishing the priority of some product items over others.

There are notes in nomenclature that take us outside a particular section, group or heading (for example, Note 1 to Section XI, which begins with the words: “This section does not include ...”) and notes that leave us within a certain section , group or heading (for example, Note 6 to Chapter 28 specifies a list of certain products that fall in heading 28.44). When studying the notes, it is necessary to take into account that the notes can establish either an exhaustive list of goods included in a certain section, group or heading (the considered example is notes 6 to group 28), or an incomplete one (basically, the text of the note indicates that “ This group (commodity item) also includes...").

Another important function of notes is to define the meaning of terms.

This is necessary, first of all, for an unambiguous understanding and interpretation of the terms used in the nomenclature. For example, Note 2 to Chapter 56 defines the term "felt".

It should be noted that some notes do not always correspond to generally accepted concepts. Thus, Note 3 to Chapter 05 states that the term “ivory” means the tusks or tusks of elephants and other animals, and the teeth of all animals. Note 4 to Chapter 05 expands the scope of the term “horsehair”. For the purposes of this note, this term also includes hair from the tails of cattle.

Another function of the note is to prevent overloading of the texts of product items. For example, headings 6103, 6104, 6203, and 6204 use the term “suit.” For a uniform classification of suits, characteristics are required according to which products can be classified as “suits”. This list of characteristics is quite voluminous and it is natural that they cannot be fully reproduced in all product positions where “suits” should be classified. Thus, notes 3a) to group 61 and notes 3a) to group 62 make it possible not to load the texts of headings.

The nomenclature also contains notes that address specific classification issues for items such as sets for retail sale, multi-part items, parts and accessories (Note 3 to Section VI).

Rule 2

OPI 2 consists of two parts – OPI 2 a and OPI 2 b.

GPI 2a: “a) Any reference in the name of a heading to any product must also be considered as a reference to such product in an incomplete or unfinished form, provided that, being presented in an incomplete or unfinished form, this product has the essential property of being complete or complete goods, and shall also be construed as a reference to complete or complete goods (or classified in the heading in question as complete or complete by virtue of this Rule), presented unassembled or disassembled.”

This rule applies if the goods are presented for classification:

a) in unfinished or incomplete form, i.e. the product is missing any parts or accessories;

b) unassembled or disassembled.

The first part of GPI 2a implies that goods in incomplete or unfinished form, which have the basic properties of complete or completed goods, are classified in the heading that describes finished (complete or completed) goods.

For example: passenger carriages without seats would be classified in the heading describing passenger carriages (heading 86.05).

The provisions of this Rule also apply to blanks if they are not classified in a specific heading. “Blank” is a product that is not ready for immediate use, has the approximate shape or outline of a finished product or part, and can only be used for finishing into a finished product or part. Semi-finished products that do not have the characteristic shape of finished products (pipes, disks) cannot be considered as “blanks”.

The second part of Rule 2a provides that complete or complete goods presented unassembled or disassembled are classified in the same headings as assembled goods.

“Goods presented unassembled and disassembled” means products the components of which are to be assembled using simple fastening material (screws, nuts, bolts, etc.) or, for example, riveting or welding, meaning that only simple fasteners are required. assembly operations.

For example: a wardrobe made of chipboard with appropriate fittings for assembly, supplied disassembled, would be classified in the heading corresponding to the finished product (heading 9403).

Unassembled components of a product that exceed the quantity required to assemble the product must be classified separately.

For example: a chipboard wardrobe comes with 8 plastic handles when assembly requires only 3, therefore 5 handles would be classified separately in heading 39.26.

GPI 2b: “b) Any reference in the name of a commodity item to any material or substance must also be considered as a reference to mixtures or compounds of this material or substance with other materials or substances. Any reference to a product made of a particular material or substance shall be construed as a reference to goods consisting wholly or partly of that material or substance. Classification of goods consisting of more than one material or substance is carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 3."

This Rule applies only if the name of the product and heading contains a reference to the material from which the product is made.

This Rule expands:

– the meaning of any heading relating to a material or substance, including mixtures or compounds of this material or substance with other materials or substances;

– the meaning of any heading relating to goods made from a given material or substance, including goods made partly from another material or substance.

For example: a fur coat made of artificial fur should be classified in heading 4304, but in the manufacture of a fur coat, not only fur is used, but also lining and insulating materials, buttons, zippers, etc., nevertheless, according to Rule 2b, the fur coat is classified as as if she were made entirely of fur.

However, it is not possible to extend a heading so far as to include goods which, under Rule 1, cannot be regarded as falling within the description of the heading; this occurs when the addition of another material or substance changes the character of the product, i.e. it ceases to correspond to this heading.

For example: A mixture of sugar and honey cannot be classified in either heading 0409 “natural honey” or heading 2940 “chemically pure sugar”, since these headings clearly state that other materials cannot be present.

Rule 2b cannot be applied:

– if the presence of one of the materials cannot be neglected, since OPI 2b allows the product to be classified as a heading in which only one of the constituent materials is indicated (wooden hanger with a metal hook);

– if the product can, on the one hand, be considered as a part or accessory of another product, and on the other hand, as a product belonging to a certain heading (electric motors);

- mixtures and compounds of materials or substances and goods made from more than one material or substance, if, at first glance, they can be classified under two or more headings (a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids can also be classified in heading 2806, and to position 2808).

Rule 3

OPI 3 consists of three parts – OPI 3a, 3b, 3c.

“Where, by virtue of Rule 2b or for any other reason, there is a prima facie 2 , the possibility of classifying goods into two or more product positions, the classification of such goods is carried out as follows: ... ".

This Rule provides three ways to classify goods that, at first glance, can be classified as two or more product items. Rule 3b applies only when Rule 3a does not help in classification, and if both Rules 3a and 3b fail, then Rule 3c applies. This Rule applies only to the extent that the text of the headings or the notes to sections and groups does not otherwise state.

GPI 3a: “a) Preference is given to the product item that contains the most specific description of the product compared to product items with a more general description. However, when each of two or more headings relates only to part of the materials or substances included in the composition of a mixture or multicomponent article, or only to part of the goods presented in a set for retail sale, then these headings should be considered equivalent in relation to that product, even if one of them gives a more complete or accurate description of the product."

The first method of classification is provided in Rule 3a, according to which a heading that describes a product more specifically takes precedence over a heading that describes a product more generally. It is practically difficult to establish any hard-and-fast rules by which one can quickly determine that one heading gives a more specific description of the product than another, but in general it can be said that:

– a description by product name is more specific than a description by product group;

– if the goods correspond to a description that more clearly identifies them, then that description is more accurate than one in which the identification is less complete.

For example: an aircraft cabin seat may be classified as a part of an aircraft (heading 88.03) or as seating furniture (94.01). Since the text of heading 94.01 more accurately characterizes the goods, it will be classified in this heading as seating furniture.

However, when two or more headings relate only to part of the materials or substances included in the composition of multi-component products, or only to individual goods included in a set for retail sale, then these headings should be considered as equivalent. In such cases, classification shall be made under Rule 3b or 3c.

GPI 3b: "b) Mixtures, multi-component articles consisting of different materials or made from different components, and goods presented in sets for retail sale, the classification of which cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 3a, must be classified according to that material or components that give the goods an essential property, provided that this criterion is applicable."

The second method of classification, described by Rule 3b, applies to the following goods:

– mixtures;

– multi-component goods consisting of various materials;

– multi-component goods consisting of various components;

– goods included in the set for retail sale.

In all these cases, goods are classified as if they consisted of only one material, substance or component that gives the goods an essential property. Among the factors that give the main property to a product, the most often used are: the nature of the material, substance or component, volume, quantity, weight, cost.

When applying this Rule, multi-component goods should be considered not only goods in which all components are attached to each other, forming a single whole, but also goods with separable components, provided that, taken together, they constitute a single whole and cannot be displayed on sale in the form of separate parts (for example: a metal stand with glass containers for pepper, salt, mustard and vegetable oil of a certain shape and size).

When applying this Rule, the concept of “goods included in a set for retail sale” refers to goods that:

– consist of at least two separate products, which at first glance are classified under different headings;

– consist of products or items that jointly perform a specific function;

– must be packaged in retail containers and arranged in such a way that they do not require repackaging when sold to the consumer (for example, in boxes or crates).

For example: a computer magazine (heading 4902), a computer game CD (heading 8524), packaged in plastic packaging for sale, would be classified according to the component that gives the set its essential character, i.e. like a magazine.

But a bottle of liquor (heading 22.08) and a bottle of wine (heading 22.04) packaged together are not considered as sets in view of the failure to comply with the above Provisions, and each product will be classified separately.

It should be noted that this Rule does not apply if the text of the headings and notes to sections, groups and headings contains a direct indication of the classification of mixtures, multicomponent products and sets intended for retail sale (for example, note 1 to group 09, note 1 to section VII).

GPI 3c: “c) Goods, the classification of which cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 3a or 3b, must be classified in the last heading in the order of increasing codes among the headings that are equally acceptable for consideration in the classification of these goods.”

When goods cannot be classified under Rule 3a or 3b, they shall be classified in the heading which has the highest number in ascending order among the headings equally worthy of consideration, i.e. classification is carried out in basket product items.

For example: a mixture of distilled and conductometric water (50% to 50%) after applying OPI 3a and 3b will be classified in heading 2851 - “other inorganic compounds...”.

Rule 4

“Goods, the classification of which cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the above Rules, are classified in the heading corresponding to the goods that are most similar (close) to the goods in question.”

When classifying under Rule 4, it is necessary to compare the goods presented with similar goods to determine the closest products to them. The similarity, of course, may depend on many factors, such as description, nature of purpose, cost and other features.

Similarity criteria can be:

– the material from which the product is made;

– the functions that the product performs;

– production method;

- appearance;

– characteristics and properties, cost of goods.

Rule 5

OPI 5 consists of two parts – OPI 5a and OPI 5b.

“In addition to the above provisions, the following Rules shall apply to the following goods:”

GPI 5a: “a) Cases and cases for cameras, musical instruments, guns, drawing supplies, necklaces, as well as similar containers that have a special shape or are adapted to accommodate the corresponding product or set of products, suitable for long-term use and presented together with the products, for which it is intended must be classified together with the products packaged in them, if this type of container is usually sold together with these products. However, this Rule does not apply to packaging, which, forming a single whole with the packaged product, gives the latter its main property.”

This Rule applies only to packaging containers that:

– has a special shape or is intended for a specific product (set of products);

– suitable for long-term use;

– presented together with the products for which it is intended, regardless of the fact that the products themselves may be packaged separately for ease of transportation. Presented separately, these containers are classified in their corresponding product headings;

– is a container of the type that is usually sold together with the corresponding product.

Rule 5a also applies to containers presented together with the goods for which they are intended, even if these goods are supplied separately for reasons of convenience of transport.

For example: a telescope in a case-tube will be classified in heading 9005 as a telescope (the case is neglected in this case). But if a good is considered such as an ordinary wine in a hand-set crystal decanter with a diamond cut, then each item must be classified separately, since the container gives the product the main property (wine in heading 2204, and the container in heading 7013).

GPI 5b: “b) Subject to the provisions of Rule 5a above, packaging materials and containers supplied together with the goods they contain must be classified together if they are of the kind usually used for packaging those goods. However, this provision is not mandatory if such packaging materials or containers are clearly suitable for reuse."

The main conditions for the implementation of this rule: packaging or containers must be presented together with the goods they contain; containers and packaging must be the usual type of packaging used for this product. However, this provision does not apply if the packaging materials and containers can clearly be reused.

For example: granulated sugar packed in jute-kenaf bags is classified as granulated sugar in heading 1701; mineral water in polymer bottles is classified as mineral water in heading 2201. But metal cylinders and tanks for compressed or liquefied gas will be classified separately from the goods packaged in them.

Rule 6

“For legal purposes, the classification of goods in the subheadings of a heading shall be in accordance with the names of the subheadings and the notes relating to the subheadings, and also, mutatis mutandis 3 , the provisions of the above Rules, provided that only subpositions at the same level are comparable. For the purposes of this Rule, appropriate section and chapter notes may also apply unless the context otherwise requires."

Like Rule 1, the provisions of Rule 6 provide that the classification of goods in a subheading must be carried out in accordance with the text of this subheading, as well as on the basis of its Notes and the General Rules of Interpretation. However, Rule 6 has two additional provisions:

1) subpositions must be comparable only at one level (the same number of hyphens);

2) the relevant notes to sections and groups may also apply unless otherwise stated in the context (of the headings).

To determine the proper subheading, it is possible to apply Rule 2b or Rule 3.

Thus, to determine the code at the subitem level, the algorithm discussed above is used. That is, the texts of subitems and notes to sections, groups, product items and subitems are considered; unless the texts provide otherwise, the provisions of Rules 2 and 3 apply.

It should be borne in mind that the content of a subposition with two hyphens should not go beyond the scope of the subposition with one hyphen to which the subposition with two hyphens belongs, and the content of a subposition with one hyphen should not go beyond the scope of the commodity item to which it belongs. this subheading has one hyphen.

Example. A vehicle equipped with a “mixed” type energy supply system , which ensures the joint operation of a spark-ignition piston internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The internal combustion engine has a cylinder displacement of 1497 cm 3 and a maximum power of 53 kW at 4500 rpm, the electric motor (permanent magnet) has a maximum power of 33 kW at 1040–5600 rpm. In a "mixed" power supply system, a complex controller allows a spark-ignition piston internal combustion engine and an electric motor to operate together.

Vehicles are classified in heading 8703. When classifying this vehicle at the subheading level, two subheadings are treated as equivalent: codeless subheading: vehicles with an internal combustion engine with a spark ignition reciprocating piston, other and subheading 8703 90 (other).

Since in this case the internal combustion engine with spark ignition performs the main function, the application of Rule 3b at the subheading level allows the vehicle to be classified in subheading 8703 22.