Depending on the type of production, the calculation formula for piece time Tsht based on the differentiation of its elements can be expressed as follows.

In conditions of mass and large-scale production when rationing for machine-manual work:

where , - respectively, the time of organizational maintenance of the workplace, time for rest and personal needs, expressed as a percentage of operational time;

Workplace maintenance time, expressed as a percentage of the main time;

Time of breaks due to technology and production organization, expressed as a percentage of operational time.

In conditions of serial and small-scale production when standardizing for machine-manual work:

where is the total service time, defined as a percentage of operational time, = + .

In single production conditions:

where K is the amount of time for servicing the workplace, rest and personal needs, expressed as a percentage of operational time.

In all cases, when determining the amount of auxiliary time that should be included in the time standard, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the combination of technological (machine) and labor (manual) processes. There are three possible combinations:

1. technological and labor processes are performed sequentially, then the duration of execution and, accordingly, the norm
time will be the sum of the main (technological) and auxiliary time (in this case, the auxiliary time
can be either manual or machine-manual);

2. technological and labor processes are carried out in parallel and sequentially, while part of the auxiliary (manual) work is performed while the machine is operating, i.e. partially overlapped by machine time; taking this into account the execution time
transaction will include the amount of the main and auxiliary (not
overlapped) time;

3. technological and labor processes are carried out in parallel; in this case, auxiliary (manual) time is completely covered by machine time and, therefore, auxiliary time should not be included in the time standard.

These remarks apply not only to auxiliary time, but also to the time spent servicing the workplace, which should also be included in the time standard only to the extent that it does not overlap with machine time.

The rate of labor costs, expressed by the number of products manufactured per unit of working time, called production norm , is defined:

In those industries where preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace, rest and personal needs are standardized per shift, the production rate is calculated using the formulas:

The rate of time and the rate of production are related to each other by an inverse relationship - as the rate of time decreases, the rate of production increases. It should be noted that the production rate increases to a greater extent than the time rate decreases.

The relationship between these norms is determined by the formulas

where x is the percentage of reduction in the time norm;

y – percentage increase in production rate.

The percentage of fulfillment of production standards is determined by one of the formulas

where is the actual output in physical terms, pcs.;

Amount of standard hours for the completed volume of standardized work, n/h;

Actual time worked;

Time to correct defects that were not the fault of the workers;

Additional time costs caused by reasons beyond the control of workers.

A tech=3%, Aotl=6%, Ant=2%.

Task 2. Calculate Tsht and Nvyr cm for assembling a part for mass production conditions, if Top for assembling a part is 12 +B min, time for servicing the workplace Tobs = 2%, time for rest and personal needs, according to the standards, is 4%.

Task 4. Determine the time required to produce a batch of parts in 45 +B PC. Preparatory and final time is 10 minutes, Tsht = 3.9 minutes.

Task 6. Determine the shift production rate for mass production conditions, if Tsht = 8 +B min, Tpz = 20 min.

Task 8. As a result of the modernization of the machine, the standard time for operations, which was 0.4 +B h, revised and reduced by 8%. Determine what the production rate was and how much it will increase.

Task 9. During a shift (8 hours), a pieceworker produced and passed Quality Control Standard 570 +B details. Tsht for the operation he performs is 0.88 min. Determine Pvn.

Production rate. Technical time standard. Auxiliary time. Basic (technological) time.

Technical standardization establishes a time standard, i.e., the time required to perform a given operation under certain production conditions.

According to the time standard for an operation, the time spent on the entire program for producing parts is calculated, the required number of workers, machines, the amount of electricity is determined, the needs for grinding wheels are determined, etc.

In accordance with time standards, a production plan for the site, workshop, and plant as a whole is drawn up. Workers are paid based on time spent. The time spent on an operation characterizes labor productivity. The less time spent on one operation, the more parts will be processed per hour or shift, i.e., the higher labor productivity.

The production rate is understood as the number of operations (volume of work) that a worker can perform per unit of time (per shift, per hour). Knowing the duration of the shift (420 minutes, with a 7-hour working day or 480 minutes, with an 8-hour working day) and the standard time for one operation (T), determine the production rate (420: T or 480: T).

The time standard is not a constant value, since with an increase in labor productivity the time standard decreases and the production rate increases.

When determining the norm, the best organization of labor and maintenance of the workplace is provided for, i.e., the norm should not include loss of time due to organizational problems in servicing the workplace.

The worker's qualifications must correspond to the work performed; The machine operator must not perform the kind of work that auxiliary workers are required to do.

The norm should also not include wasting time on correcting defects or manufacturing parts to replace rejected ones.

When calculating the time standard, the actual cutting conditions for a given operation, normal processing allowances, and the use of a specific tool and device must be taken into account.

The technical time standard for an operation consists of two main parts: the piece time standard and the preparatory-final time standard.

The standard piece time refers to the time spent processing a part on a machine.

The norm of preparatory-final time is understood as the time spent on familiarization with the drawing or operational sketch and the technological process of performing the operation, on setting up the machine, installing and removing tools (grinding wheels) and devices, as well as on performing all the techniques associated with completing a given task. work - handing over finished products to the inspector, handing over tools to the tool store, etc.

Preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch of simultaneously processed parts. In mass production, the same operations are performed on machines. Therefore, the worker should not change the device, tools, or familiarize himself with the drawings and technological maps for the manufacture of the part multiple times. He does this once before performing this operation.

Consequently, in mass production, the preparatory and final time is not included in the technical norm. The processing time for a batch of parts in mass production is determined by the formula

T desks =T pcs n +T pz,

where T desks is the standard time for a batch, min; T piece - piece time, min;

n - number of parts in the batch, pcs.; T pz - preparatory and final time, min. From this formula you can determine the time to manufacture one part if you divide the right and left parts by the number of parts in the batch

where T pcs is the norm for piece-calculation time, i.e. time for an operation, taking into account the preparatory and final time. The value of T pz can be taken from standardization reference books.

From the formula it is clear that the larger the batch of parts processed on the machine, the smaller the fraction and, therefore, the smaller the T piece.

The standard piece time includes the following values:

T pcs =T o +T in +T obsl + T from,

where T o - main (technological) time, min; T in - auxiliary time, min; T service - workplace service time, min; T from - time of breaks for rest and natural needs, min.

The main (technological) time T o is the time during which the shape and dimensions of the workpiece change. The main time can be:

a) machine, if the change in shape and size is carried out on a machine without the direct physical influence of the worker, for example, grinding on a machine with automatic feed of the grinding head;

b) machine-manual, if the change in shape and size is carried out on equipment with the direct participation of a worker, for example, grinding on a machine with manual feed of the grinding head;

c) manual, if changing the shape and dimensions of the part is done manually by a worker, for example, metalwork - scraping, filing the surface, etc.

The main machine time when grinding using the multiple passes method is calculated using the formula

The main machine time when grinding using the plunge method is determined by the formula

In these formulas the following designations are adopted: l - stroke length of the work table when grinding a given part, mm; q - allowance per side, mm; n is the number of revolutions of the part per minute; s pr - longitudinal feed per revolution of the part, mm/rev; s pp - transverse feed per table stroke (depth of cut), mm/stroke or mm/min, for plunge-cut grinding;

K - coefficient taking into account the time to produce a spark, is taken from 1.1 to 1.5. The length of the working stroke l when grinding with longitudinal feed is determined by the formula l=l d -(1-2m)*B, where l d is the length of the grinding surface in the direction of the longitudinal feed, mm; m is the overtravel of the wheel beyond the surface being ground in fractions of the wheel height; B - height of the circle, mm. If you need to determine the number of double table strokes per minute n dx, then you need to find the minute longitudinal feed and the length of the working stroke, and then use the formula

where s pr is the longitudinal feed per revolution of the part; n d - number of revolutions of the part. In turn, between the reverse feed s in mm/rev and the feed in fractions of the circle height s d for one revolution of the part there is a relationship s in = s d B.

Substituting the indicated values ​​into the formula, for s m we obtain:

s m =s pr *n d =s d *B*n d mm/min.

When determining the number of revolutions of a part, when its diameter and rotation speed are known, use the formula

where v d is the rotation speed of the part, m/min;

d d - part diameter, mm.

Auxiliary time T in is the time spent on various techniques used in performing the main work and repeated with each workpiece, i.e., feeding the workpiece to the machine, installing, aligning and clamping the workpiece, unclamping and removing the part, controlling the machine, control measurements of the part.

Auxiliary time is determined by timing. There are reference books that indicate auxiliary time for various cases of processing parts.

According to the Experimental Research Institute of Metal-Cutting Machine Tools (ENIMS), auxiliary time is distributed approximately as follows:

For supplying blanks to the machine 5-10%

For installation, fastening, unfastening and removal of parts 15-25%

For machine control, including manual supply (retraction) of the grinding headstock 35-50%

For measuring a part on a machine 20-40%

Auxiliary time should be reduced through the use of high-speed devices, mechanization and automation of monitoring and control of the machine. The less auxiliary time, the better the machine will be used.

Workplace maintenance time T serv is the time that a worker spends on caring for his workplace throughout the entire shift. It includes the time for changing the tool (grinding wheel), which, according to ENIMS, is 5-7% of the total amount of time spent on adjusting and adjusting the machine during operation, and for dressing the grinding wheel with diamond or diamond substitutes, which is 5-10% of the total amount of working time spent on removing chips during work, on arranging and cleaning cutting and auxiliary tools at the beginning and end of a shift, on lubrication and cleaning of the machine.

To reduce maintenance time, it is essential to reduce the time for editing, achieved by using diamond mandrels, pencils, plates, rollers, disks, automatic devices for sending commands for editing and automation of editing (automatic adjusters).

Time for rest and breaks from work for natural needs is determined for the entire shift. The time for servicing the workplace and for natural needs is set as a percentage of operational time, i.e., the sum of T o + T c.

Based on a study of the work experience of grinders, it has been established that from 30 to 75% of the total working time is spent on the main time. The rest consists of auxiliary time, time for maintaining the workplace, natural needs and preparatory and final time.

With a decrease in T in, T obs, T from, T pz, T pcs and T pcs decreases, labor productivity increases.

Having calculated all the components of the time standards T o, T in, T obsl, T from, T pz and knowing the batch of simultaneously processed parts, T pieces are determined.

Knowing the T pcs and the number of hours of work per shift, you can set the production rate per shift:

where 480 is the number of minutes in a shift for an 8-hour working day.

From these formulas it is clear that the lower the time standard T pcs, the greater the output per hour and shift. With well-organized work, workers fulfill and exceed production standards, which leads to the fulfillment and exceeding of the production plan and an increase in labor productivity.

In addition to the design and technical time standards, experimental statistical time standards are used in individual production. Such standards are obtained as a result of mathematical processing of the actual time spent on performing the entire operation. These time standards do not take into account all the possibilities for increasing labor productivity, and therefore it is not recommended to use them.

Labor standards for workers are carried out using the following types of labor standards: time standards, production standards, number standards, service standards, as well as standardized tasks.

Standard time- this is a given amount of time required to produce a unit of product (unit of work) by one worker or group of workers of a certain qualification in the appropriate organizational and technical conditions.

Production rate- this is a given number of units of products (scope of work) that an employee or group of workers of a certain qualification must produce per unit of working time in the appropriate organizational and technical conditions.

Number of people- this is a given number of workers of the relevant profession and qualifications, which is established as necessary to perform the necessary work tasks (functions or scope of work) in certain organizational and technical conditions.

Standard of service- this is a given number of units of means of production (equipment, devices, workplaces, etc.) that an employee or group of employees of a certain profession and qualification must service during a unit of working time in the appropriate organizational and technical conditions.

Standardized task- this is a specified amount of work that an employee or group of employees must complete during a work shift or for another unit of working time.

There are also standard labor standards. These include intersectoral, sectoral and professional labor standards. Intersectoral labor standards are unified in nature and developed taking into account uniform organizational and technical conditions at enterprises in various industries. Industry labor standards are labor standards established for work specific to a particular industry. Their development is carried out through research at enterprises in a specific industry. Professional labor standards are developed for specific types of work in standard organizational and technical conditions. Local labor standards are labor standards developed directly at the enterprise itself for work that is specific to the organization and there are no standard intersectoral, sectoral, professional labor standards. The experience of Russian enterprises with examples and figures can be found in section Labor rationing portal libraries.

The establishment of standardized tasks for workers has become widespread in the last few decades to stimulate the productivity of hourly paid workers in the context of the transition from mass and large-scale production to the production of a wide range of products in small series. As a rule, standardized tasks are set for workers who are paid on a time basis. For example, in the main production - workers employed on conveyor lines, automatic line operators, electric and gas welders, in production service departments - machine operators in repair and transport areas, machine operators in experimental and tool areas. Standardized tasks are developed on the basis of time (output) standards and are established in labor (standard hour) or natural indicators (tons, meters, units of repair complexity, etc.) within labor standardization in production.

The time rate (Nvr) and the production rate (Nvir) are inversely related, which is determined by the equations:

N vr = 1/N exp; N vr = 1/N vr

Based on the standard time per unit of production (work) and the estimated number of working hours in the time period, the standard output of the worker is determined.

Example . A worker produces part M-1 in a 5-day work week of 40 hours. The estimated average monthly working time is 168 hours. The standard time for manufacturing a part is 0.33 standard hours. Production rates for time periods are characterized by the data in Scheme 1.

Application of the time standard for calculating standard production

Name of time period	Estimated standard working time, hour	Standard time per unit of production, standard hour	Standard output for the time period, pieces
			511 (168,6/0,33)
			6130 (2023/0,33)

Time standards and production standards are used in determining prices for the piecework principle of remuneration. The piece rate is determined by dividing the hourly tariff rate (C) corresponding to the category of work performed by the hourly production rate (N exp) or by multiplying the hourly tariff rate by the established time standard (N exp) in hours.

P = C/H exp or

P = C x N time

Example. Based on the example data, the standard time for manufacturing a part is 0.33 standard hours, the hourly production rate is 3.03 units. The work is charged 5th category. Hourly tariff rate of the 5th category is 16,000 rubles. Let us determine the piece rate in Scheme 2.

Piece rate calculation

An example of calculating piecework wages for a product assembler performing various work tasks is as follows (see Diagram 3).

Sheet for calculating piecework wages for a product assembler for the month

	Process number	Tariff rate, rub	Production rate	Price per unit of work, rub	Number of units produced	Amount of piecework payment, rub.
Total piecework wages for manufactured products

Practical examples of standardization at Russian and global enterprises can be found in Almanac "Production Management"

Let's talk about the main characteristics and calculation of labor standards. What they are, and how to calculate them using formulas.

Labor standards are divided into:

1. time standards
2. production standards,
3. service standards,
4. population norms,
5. controllability standards.

1. Time standard is the amount of time specified to complete a unit of work or operation. Defined in seconds, minutes, hours.

The standard time for manual work and machine-manual work is determined as the sum of the following elements:

Operational time occupies the largest share in the time norm and consists of main and auxiliary time:

It is customary to sum up the time for servicing the workplace, breaks and preparatory and final work and present it as a percentage of operational time.

The production rate is the number of units of work or operations that must be performed per unit of time (hour, shift, month) by one or a group of workers.

The individual production rate is calculated using the formula:

The collective production rate is calculated using the formula:

The standard of service is the number of pieces of equipment, workplaces that a worker or specialist (or group of workers or specialists) must service over a certain time, for example, a shift.

For equipment of the same type, the maintenance rate is calculated using the formula:

The population norm is the established number of employees of a certain professional qualification required to perform specific production functions or the amount of work under given conditions.

It also allows you to determine labor costs by profession, specialty, group or type of work, individual functions, as a whole for the enterprise or workshop, its structural division. It can be determined based on service standards.

So, if in a workshop (on a site) one maintenance standard is established, then for each shift:

Control standards are standards that are calculated for management employees and represent the optimal number of employees per one specific manager from the point of view of effective management.

Controllability standards are established by levels of subordination and are determined by the formula:

To the norms costs Labor standards include, first of all, norms for the expenditure of working time - norms of duration, norms of labor intensity and norms of number.

To the norms labor results– production standards, standardized tasks.

Duration norm (Nd) determines the time in which a unit of work can be completed on one machine or one workplace. The duration norm is measured in time units: minutes, hours.

Norm of labor intensity of the operation(Нт) determines the necessary time expenditure of one or more workers to complete a unit of work or produce a unit of product for a given operation. These costs depend not only on the duration of the operation, but also on the number of workers involved in its implementation. The labor intensity of an operation is measured in man-minutes (man-hours)

Most common form of expression The standard labor cost is the time standard. Time standards take central place in the general system of labor costs, since on their basis all other types of norms are determined.

I). Standard time– determines the required time expenditure of one employee or team to complete a unit of work. It is measured in man-minutes or man-hours.

The size and quality of standards for production, service, numbers, and controllability depend on its quality.

To determine the standard time, it is necessary to establish the composition of working time costs and their specific values ​​for performing this work. The composition of the time norm can be represented by the following formula:

T pz– preparatory and final time;

T op– operational time;

T obs– workplace servicing time;

T excellent– time for rest and personal needs;

T Fri– time of regulated breaks caused by technology and organization of the production process;

t 0– main time;

tв- auxiliary time.

The specific amount of normal time spent is influenced by a number of factors: the nature of the equipment used; type and physical and chemical properties of the subject of labor, organization of labor and production.

Time standards apply where the work of an individual worker or group of workers is diversified, i.e. there is a change in labor (transition to the manufacture of other products or performance of other operations to produce the same product)
Time standards, depending on the degree of enlargement, are divided into:

- operating standards- installed on individual technological operations (for example, operations for processing parts on lathes)

- consolidated standards– installed for a set of operations of one type of work (for example, for a set of turning operations within a brigade set)

- comprehensive standards– installed on a completed complex of various works on the manufacture of a brigade kit, unit, completion of the construction stage

- labor intensity standards (labor intensity) – the totality of labor costs for producing a unit of product or performing a completed set of works.

Depending on the composition of labor costs and their roles in the production process, the following are distinguished: types of labor intensity:

- technological labor intensity - takes into account labor costs carried out by the main workers.

- labor intensity of maintenance takes into account the labor costs of workers serving the main workers and all workers in auxiliary workshops and services

- production labor intensity - takes into account the labor costs of all workers

- management complexity– includes labor costs of all categories of industrial production personnel.

b) Production rate– the number of units of product (established scope of work) that must be manufactured over a certain period of time.

Used where a worker (group of workers) constantly performs the same operation or group of operations.

The production rate can be determined based on the time rate using the formula:

Nvyr. = Tcm / Nvr

Where is Tsm. – duration of the shift.

Based on this, the size of the change in the production rate (by X%) depending on the change in the time rate (by Y%) and vice versa are determined by the formulas:

X = 100y\(100 – y)

Y = 100x\(100x)

V). Standard of service– the required number of machines, workplaces, units of production space and other objects assigned for maintenance to one worker or team.

G). Controllability standard is a type of service standard

d). Standardized task– determines the required range and volume of work that must be performed by the team over a certain period. Like the production norm, the standardized task determines the required result of the workers’ activities, but unlike the production norm, it can be established not only in natural units, but also in standard hours and standard rubles.

e) population norm– the reciprocal value of the service norm. This is an established number of employees of a certain professional qualification required to perform specific functions or volumes of work in given organizational and technical conditions.
II. By Standardization methods distinguish between technically justified standards and experimental-statistical standards.

Technically based standards mean standards established by analytical methods.

Experimental-statistical standards include those established in aggregate for the entire work, without dividing it into its component elements, based on data on the time spent on data or similar work, or by expert means. They record the actual state of production with all the existing shortcomings and therefore do not contribute to the growth of labor productivity and the improvement of its organization.
III. By time period distinguish between standards

a) without a specific validity period and

b) norms that are in force for a certain time.

The first type of norms applies to those that are stable in terms of organizational and technical standards. conditions of enterprises. With changes in these conditions, existing standards are replaced or revised.

The second type of norm is valid for a certain period. Their use may be due to:

The need to develop new products, new equipment and technology, organize production and labor

Seasonal nature of some types of work

The emergence of a need to carry out emergency, accidental and other work not provided for by the technology and work plan